Risk mitigation in an electronic trading system

ABSTRACT

An electronic trading system (ETS) implements risk mitigation methods for orders and quotes associated with a market participant on the ETS. The methods determine a measure of risk associated with one or more trading positions. One of the methods globally counts the number of breaches of risk thresholds associated with a trading symbol and market participant across all matching engines on the ETS over a rolling time period, and if this global risk counter exceeds a maximum, disables all further trades by the market participant on the ETS. Another method limits the number of automatic re-enablements that a market participant can request in response to prior breaches of risk thresholds that resulted in disabling any further trading by the market participant on the ETS.

FIELD OF ART

The disclosure generally relates to the field of electronic tradingsystems, and in particular, to calculating and mitigating risk fortraders participating in the electronic trading system.

BACKGROUND

Under certain circumstances, market makers and/or other marketparticipants may decide to place a large volume of quotes (e.g., bidsand asks), some of which may have wide bid-offer spreads, with anelectronic exchange based on then-current activity and/or conditions ofa given financial market. However, if the market conditions or tradingactivity suddenly changes or changes dramatically, the market makersand/or market participants may be exposed to financial risk. Forexample, a market maker's positions may be prone to excessive executionsdue to unusual rapid trading activity. There is therefore a need forsystems, methods and apparatus capable of mitigating such risks.

SUMMARY

A electronic trading system (ETS), method and computer readable storagemedium for mitigating trading risks of a market participant on the ETSare disclosed. The ETS receives and executes orders and quotes frommarket participants including agency brokers, market makers, andproprietary traders. An order and/or quote may include, but is notlimited to, a financial instrument, a quantity, a trade symbol, anidentity of a market participant and side of the order and/or quote(e.g., buy or sell). Examples of financial instruments include cashinstruments, e.g., stock and other security interest, and derivativeinstruments that are based on one or more underlying entities or assets,e.g., options, futures, forwards, and swaps, and the like.

In one embodiment, a method (and system) comprises the step of receivingat the ETS a message associated with the market participant, wherein themessage indicates a breach of trading risk threshold for a tradingsymbol. The method then determines whether a timestamp associated withthe received message is within a rolling time period, and if soincrements a global risk counter. Next, upon determining whether theglobal risk counter exceeds a global risk threshold, the method globallydisables execution of any further trades associated with the marketparticipant on the ETS in case the global risk counter exceeds theglobal risk threshold.

Another embodiment of a risk mitigating method (and system) comprisesthe step of receiving at an order or quote associated with a tradingsymbol and market participant, The method then determines whether theorder or quote breaches a single-trade risk threshold, and if sodetermines whether any other orders or quotes executed within a rollingtime period prior to the received order or quote breach a secondary riskthreshold. In case of either the order or quote breaching a single-traderisk threshold or the count of secondary risk threshold breachesexceeding a maximum, execution of any further trades associated with thetrading symbol and the market participant on the ETS are disabled.

In some embodiments, a risk mitigation manager calculates the riskassociated with one or more trading positions and/or executed tradesassociated with a market participant. Based on the risk associated withone or more trading positions associated with a market participant, theETS pulls or cancels one or more unexecuted orders or quotes associatedwith the market participant. In one embodiment, the ETS determines ameasure of risk associated with an order or quote received from a marketparticipant.

Yet another embodiment of risk mitigating method (and system) compriseslimiting the number of automatic re-enablements that a marketparticipant can request in response to prior breaches of risk thresholdsthat resulted in disabling any further trading by the market participanton the ETS.

The features and advantages described in the specification are not allinclusive and, in particular, many additional features and advantageswill be apparent in view of the drawings, specification, and claims.Moreover, it should be noted that the language used in the specificationhas been principally selected for readability and instructionalpurposes, and may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribethe disclosed subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The disclosed embodiments have other advantages and features which willbe more readily apparent from the detailed description and theaccompanying figures (or drawings). A brief introduction of the figuresis below.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a system architecture diagram ofan electronic trading system (ETS) in a networked environment,consistent with one embodiment.

FIG. 2 illustrates a high-level block diagram of an example computer,consistent with one embodiment.

FIG. 3 shows a flowchart of a method for calculating and mitigating riskassociated with market maker quotes and orders received by theelectronic trading system (ETS), according to one embodiment.

FIG. 4 shows a flowchart of a method for calculating and mitigating riskassociated with market maker quotes and orders received by theelectronic trading system (ETS), according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The figures and the following description relate to particularembodiments by way of illustration only. It should be noted that fromthe following discussion, alternative embodiments of the structures andmethods disclosed herein will be readily recognized as viablealternatives that may be employed without departing from the principlesof what is claimed.

Reference will now be made in detail to several embodiments, examples ofwhich are illustrated in the accompanying figures. It is noted thatwherever practicable similar or like reference numbers may be used inthe figures and may indicate similar or like functionality. The figuresdepict embodiments of the disclosed system (or method) for purposes ofillustration only. Alternative embodiments of the structures and methodsillustrated herein may be employed without departing from the principlesdescribed herein.

OVERVIEW

An electronic trading system (ETS) according to the present disclosureprovides a central marketplace where both buyers and sellers (oftenreferred to as traders or market participants) can buy or sell financialinstruments. Traders may connect to the ETS via their own tradingcomputers, which can receive market data from the ETS, and which canissue commands to buy or sell specific financial instruments. Theissuance of commands to buy or sell financial instruments from a tradingcomputer to the ETS may be referred to as electronic trading (ortrading, for short). Because the ETSs facilitate the exchange of variousfinancial instruments, the ETSs may be referred to as electronicexchanges.

When a market participant issues an order to an ETS to sell a financialinstrument, the ETS may attempt to match the sell order with an existingbuy order that has a price that satisfies the seller's pricerequirements. Similarly, when a market participant issues an order tobuy a financial instrument, the ETS may attempt to match the buy orderwith an existing sell order. A market participant may enter a marketorder that is an order having no price at which to trade, so it may beexecuted at whatever price is currently prevailing in the market.

An ETS according to this disclosure may support limit orders in additionto market orders. A limit order is an order to buy or sell a setquantity of financial instruments at a pre-determined price or better.If a market participant issues a limit order that meets the limitorder's price requirements, the limit order may be referred to as amarketable order and it may execute against a counterparty order. If amarket participant issues a limit order that cannot be matched to acounterparty order meeting the limit order's price requirements, thenthe limit order may be referred to as a non-marketable order.

Even more so, an ETS according to this disclosure may support stoporders, which specify an activation price and a set quantity offinancial instruments to buy or sell. When the price reaches theactivation price or “worse,” the stop order becomes a market order forthe set quantity of financial instruments. “Worse” denotes a lower pricewhen selling and a higher price when buying.

Orders for particular financial instruments received by an ETS may bestored in an electronic order book. The electronic order book may storeunexecuted and/or non-marketable orders until a matching order can befound to execute a trade, or until the order is cancelled. A storedorder may also be referred to as resting order, since its execution isdeferred until a matching order is received. Buy orders stored in theorder book may be referred to as bids, and stored sell orders may becalled offers. The difference between the highest bid on the order bookand the lowest offer may be referred to as a best bid-offer (BBO)spread. Price information about bids and offers for equity optioncontracts on various electronic exchanges in the United States aretracked by an Options Price Reporting Agency that maintains a databaseof the best bids and offers for each tracked option called the NationalBest Bids and Offers (NBBO) database. The NBBO price refers to theprices of the best bid and the best offer while the NBBO spread refersto the price difference between the best bid and best offer.

Some financial instruments may trade in illiquid markets. Illiquidmarkets may be characterized by wide NBBO spreads and low quantities offinancial instruments available at the NBBO prices. Large market orderstrading in illiquid markets may receive unfavorable prices. When an ETSreceives a large market order, a small part of the market order mayinitially execute at NBBO prices, as expected. The remainder of theorder may execute against limit orders in the order book at successivelyworse prices until the entire quantity of the market order is filled orthe order book is cleared. Portions of large trades can thus execute atsubstantially worse prices than the NBBO price when the large trade wassubmitted. Sudden and large price movements may adversely affect marketparticipants and reduce system stability. Market participants such asmarket makers, for example, may provide liquidity to a financial marketby simultaneously placing buy and sell orders on the same financialinstrument through the ETS.

In some instances, market makers may be appointed to particularclass(es) of financial instruments (symbols) to provide liquidity inthose class(es). Market makers may display buy and sell quotations for aguaranteed volume to compete for other market participant orders inthose classes. The price difference between the price quoted by a marketmaker and the price of a counter-party to a trade may be referred to asa market maker spread, representing the market maker's profit on eachtrade. A class of a financial instrument can have one or multiple marketmakers including a lead market maker.

Thus, market makers may continuously maintain two-sided quotes (bid andask) within a predefined spread. A market in a class may be created whenan appointed market maker quotes bids and offers over a period of time,thereby ensuring that there is a buyer for every sell order and a sellerfor every buy order at any time. Thus, market makers (and/or othermarket participants) may place large volume quotes and/or quotes whichmay have wide bid-offer spreads with an electronic exchange based onthen-current activity and/or conditions of a given financial market.However, if the market conditions or trading activity suddenly changesor changes dramatically, the market makers and/or other marketparticipants may be exposed to financial/trading risks. For example, amarket maker's positions may be prone to excessive executions due tounusual rapid trading activity. The systems, methods and apparatusdescribed herein provide means for mitigating such risks, as furtherdiscussed below.

An exemplary system, method and computer readable storage mediumaccording to the present disclosure may be configured to provide riskmitigation for market participants in an electronic trading system(ETS). It is noted that the systems and methods described herein areapplicable to any and all market participants, including (withoutlimitation) traders, brokers, brokerage firms, market makers, etc., suchthat the systems, methods and embodiments described herein shall beconstrued as being applicable for mitigating risk for any and all suchentities.

An exemplary system may initiate, at a computing system, risk mitigation(RM) upon the occurrence of trading events that are indicative of anincreased risk for market participants. Risk mitigation may beinstituted on a symbol level, e.g., financial instruments belonging to aparticular class, on a global level, or otherwise. In one embodiment,the system determines if risk mitigation has been initiated for a marketparticipant, and if it has, pulls all outstanding and resting quotes ofthe market participant, preventing further execution of those quotes onthe ETS. In another embodiment the system alerts the market participantof a breach of risk threshold on a symbol level, when a risk parameterassociated with a symbol exceeds a prior-set risk threshold.

In one embodiment, a RM method comprises mitigating the risk associatedwith a market participant's trading positions by pulling or cancellingone or more quotes, orders or open positions associated with a marketparticipant, such that the pulled quotes or orders may no longer beexecuted. In another embodiment, an RM method comprises mitigating therisk associated with a market participant's trading positions byfreezing or putting on hold one or more quotes, orders or open positionsassociated with a market participant, such that the frozen quotes ororders may no longer be executed for a period of time or unlessspecified by the market participant. Alternatively, the RM methodcomprises notifying or alerting the market participant of the riskassociated with the market participant's trading positions. In addition,the ETS may no longer accept market participant quotes or ordersassociated with the trade symbol. In one embodiment, the ETS may allow anew quote or order to be placed by a market participant, with respect toa trade symbol associated with one or more orders that have been pulled,on the receipt of a re-enable request from the market participant.

In one example embodiment, the RM method determines if the measure ofrisk associated with a particular quote or order is greater than athreshold value. The threshold value represents a level of risk to whichthe market participant is willing to expose the quote or order. Thethreshold may be specified by the market participant, the ETS or anotherentity. In one embodiment, the threshold may be assigned to anindividual quote or order, a group of quotes or orders, or quotes andorders associated with a trading symbol and market participant. A RMmethod comprises comparing the determined measure of risk with thethreshold. Based on the comparison a RM method can determine whether tomitigate that risk or to continue evaluating the risk associated withother quotes or orders associated with the same trading symbol andmarket participant.

In one embodiment, a RM method comprises global risk mitigation thattakes into account all outstanding quotes of a particular marketparticipant. In this embodiment, risk mitigation manager(s) may monitorbreaches of risk thresholds at the symbol level, for example, for allclasses that a market participant trades in and report those breaches toa global risk mitigation (GRM) manager. Once the number of breachesexceeds a global threshold over a rolling time period, the GRM maysuspend and/or cancel all (or a portion of) outstanding and restingquotes across all (or a portion of) classes of the market participant.In this embodiment, the market participant may then send out a re-enablerequest to or call the global trading desk before it can submit any newquotes for any class to the ETS, since the GRM manager may also disablean automatic re-enable mechanism.

A given rolling time period may be a value specified by the marketparticipant, the ETS, or other entity. The rolling time period may bedynamic and may change in value based on market conditions, attributesassociated with RM method used to evaluate the trading risks, or otherconditions outlined by the market participant, the ETS or other entity.

In another embodiment, the RM manager (or other entity) may register andcount the total number of automatic re-enables issued by a marketparticipant upon a RM triggering event on the symbol level, for example,instead of the number of RM triggers during a rolling time period. Theautomatic re-enable mechanism allows the market participant tocontinuously re-enable quotes for a symbol, e.g., allowing subsequentquote submissions, even if the capability of quoting has beentemporarily disabled for the market participant in view of a riskthreshold breach. A timestamp may be associated with each RM triggeringevent in a class that causes the RM manager to suspend and/or cancel amarket participant's quotes in that class. This prevents a possiblerunaway condition of which a market participant is unaware while tradingin that particular class. In this embodiment, once the total automaticre-enablement number exceeds a separate threshold value, the RM managermay require the market participant to contact the trade desk for thetrade desk to enable the market participant to quote again for thatclass. The market participant may also take other actions to enablequotes again. An overall threshold value prevents a runaway condition,which could occur when the RM mechanism is continuously triggered butthe trigger count does not exceed the allowed number of automaticre-enable request over the rolling time period.

Exemplary System Architecture

Turning now to FIG. 1, illustrated is a system architecture diagram ofone example embodiment of an electronic trading system (ETS) in anetworked environment using risk mitigation methods according to thisdisclosure. The ETS 105 is an electronic exchange including one or morematching engines 116 that matches orders and quotes received from marketparticipant systems 100-103 against each other. Various marketparticipant systems 100-103 may include but are not limited to one ormore customer systems 100, agency broker systems 101, market makersystems 102, and proprietary trader systems 103. The market participantsystems are coupled to the ETS 105 through at least one of a wired orwireless network 104. The ETS 105 may receive orders specifying afinancial instrument, a quantity, and a side. For instance, the ETS 105can match an order to sell a particular financial instrument from anagency broker system 101 against a different order to buy the samefinancial instrument from a market maker system 102, based oncompatibility between the price (or other) criteria of the two orders.The ETS 105 may also communicate with the optional NBBO database 120through the network 104. Although only a single one of each type ofmarket participant system 100-103 is illustrated in FIG. 1, theenvironment may include any number of each in practice.

The customer systems 100 may include systems operated bycustomer/traders that can issue electronic orders to buy or sellfinancial instruments in accordance with the needs of those customers.The customer systems 100 may communicate the electronic orders to theagency broker systems 101, either directly or through the network 104.The customer systems 100 may be personal computers, laptops, smartphones, tablet computers, computer servers, or any other system ordevice capable of issuing electronic communication. The agency brokersystems 101 may be operated by agency brokers and be configured toreceive electronic orders from a plurality of customer systems 100. Theagency broker systems 101 may include an ETS interface 110 that enablescommunication with the ETS 105. The agency broker systems 101 can issueorders to buy and sell financial instruments on behalf of customers, orthey may issue orders for the agency brokers' own accounts. Orders maybe sent through the ETS interface 110 to the ETS 105. Confirmations ofissued orders (from the ETS 105) may be received through the ETSinterface 110 as well. The ETS interface 110 may provide standardelectronic communications capabilities such as encryption, compression,routing, quality of service guarantees, and error correction.

The market maker systems 102 may be operated by market makers. Marketmakers buy and sell financial instruments with the aim to profit fromthe spread between bids and offers (also referred to as a quote or amarket maker quote). Because market makers typically place large volumequotes and/or quotes with a wide bid-offer spread, market makers provideliquidity in a financial market. Quotes placed by market makers thathave not been executed yet, such as non-marketable limit quotes, may bereferred to as resting quotes, in that they may be executed whensuitable conditions outlined by the quote, such as price, are met. At agiven time, the market makers may simultaneously place buy and sellquotes (e.g., limit quotes) on the same financial instrument through theETS 105. Thus, a market maker may establish many resting positions atany given time as the market maker may choose to send to the ETS 105 anumber of quotes based on the activity or conditions of the market.However, the market conditions or activity may change with time, therebyexposing these positions to an element of risk. For example, a marketmaker's positions may be prone to excessive executions due to unusualrapid trading activity. The market maker system 102 may also include anETS interface 110 that enables market makers to place quotes with theETS 105 and receive pricing and transactional information from the ETS105.

The proprietary trader systems 103 may be operated by proprietarytraders (PTs) that are similar to agency brokers 101, wherein PTs placeorders on behalf of themselves rather than on behalf of customers, theymay engage in long, short, hedge, or arbitrage strategies and they mayplace orders on a side of the financial instrument. In some instances, afirm may engage in both proprietary trading and market making, so thatthe firm may have a trader system with characteristics of both marketmaker systems 102 and PT systems 103. PT systems 103 may include an ETSinterface 110 that enables PTs to place orders with the ETS 105 andreceive pricing and transactional information from the ETS 105.

Exemplary Electronic Trading System

In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 1, the ETS 105 includes one ormore matching engines 116 for trading in a particular trading symbol anda global risk mitigation manager 120. In turn, each matching engine 116may include an order book 111, an order manager 112, an executionmanager 113, a reporting manager 114, and a risk mitigation manger 115.The order book 111 may be a data storage module that stores orders andquotes received by the matching engine 116 from any of the marketparticipant systems 100-103, including but not limited to one or morecustomer systems 100, agency broker systems 101, market maker systems102, and proprietary trader systems 103. In the subsequent description,unless otherwise specified, an “order” refers to either a quote by amarket maker or an order by any other market participant.

The orders may stored in records that specify the ordered financialinstrument, the trading symbol with which the order is associated, theidentity of the ordering party, the order's cancellation conditions, theorder/quote placement time, the order quantity and/or any otherpertinent information. A cancellation condition may indicate when anorder is removed from the ETS 105 (e.g., at a specific time, when aparticular market condition occurs, if the order is partially filled,only if the order is canceled). Some of this information may be omittedfrom the records (e.g., market orders omit an order price). The ETS 105may provide information from the order book 111 to any of the marketparticipant systems 100-103 on request. This information may be used bythe market participants to determine the price of various financialinstruments in the current market. Some information from the order book111 may be withheld from market participants (e.g., the identity of anordering party may be withheld).

The order manager 112 may be configured to match buy and sell orders inthe order book 111 against each other to create transactions. Thesetransactions may be matched based on price priority or any otherpriority criteria. Other factors, such as time priority, may be used assecondary priority parameters. For example, suppose the order book 111has three limit orders to sell shares of ACME Company. One order is frombroker X, to sell 10 shares of ACME Company at a price of at least $50per share, received on January 1st. Another order is from broker Y, tosell 15 shares of ACME Company at a price of at least $50, received onJanuary 2^(nd). The final order is from broker Z to sell 5 shares ofACME Company at a price of at least $40, received on January 3^(rd).Further, suppose the order book 111 receives a new limit order fromagency broker W to buy 25 shares of ACME Company at a price of at most$55. The order manager 112 may match the 5 shares of broker Z's sellorder against broker W's buy order first because broker Z offers thebest selling price. Next the 10 shares of broker X's sell order may beexecuted against broker W's buy order because broker X's sell order wasreceived prior to broker Y's sell order. Finally the remainder of brokerW's buy order (5 shares) may be executed against a portion of broker Y'ssell order.

The order manager 112 may match orders stored in the order book 111until no more transactions can be completed. When the possible ordermatches have been exhausted, the lowest priced sell order for a givenfinancial instrument is often priced higher than the highest priced buyorder. These remaining orders may be referred to as non-marketableorders because they will not execute at prevailing prices. In someinstances, the execution manager 113 may block execution of orders eventhough the orders' pricing criteria are met. As new orders are receivedby the ETS 105, the order manager 112 may attempt to match them againstexisting orders in the order book 111. Those orders that can be matchedat prevailing prices may be referred to as marketable orders. Ordersthat cannot be matched against existing orders may be referred to asnon-marketable orders and may be stored in the order book 111 until theyare marketable. The ETS 105 may be configured to execute received marketorders against a current highest-priced buy order or lowest-priced sellorder stored in the order book 111. The order manager 112 may also storeinformation regarding an executed order such as the financialinstrument, order identification (ID) identifying the order, orderingparty ID identifying one or more parties associated with the executedorder, the price at which the order was executed, the trade symbol, thevolume associated with the executed order and/or any other desired orpertinent information.

The execution manager 113 may enforce regulations and policies of theETS 105 over the operation of the order manager 112. The executionmanager 113 may ensure that the ETS 105 does not execute orders at worseprices than those reported by the NBBO database 120 (or any otherpricing threshold), for example. The execution manager 113 may enforce acollar on marketable orders. The collar prevents execution of orders atprices worse than a collar price, which may be based on prevailingprices. In one embodiment, the collar restricts execution to ordershaving a price better than a collar price. The collar price may shiftover time and/or in response to execution or routing of certain orders.The collar price may be based in part on prices reported by the NBBOdatabase 120, local BBO prices, or recently executed transaction prices.Additionally, the execution manager 113 in combination with the riskmitigation manager 115 may enforce risk management measures designed tospot erroneous or inadvertent trades.

The reporting manager 114 may be configured to transmit informationabout the ETS to market participant systems 100-103 and the NBBOdatabase 120. Transmitted information may include characteristics ofexecuted orders (e.g., posting prices, quantity exchanged) and/orcharacteristics of orders in the order book 111. Transmitted informationmay omit some orders in accordance with exchange policies. For example,stop market orders that have not reached an activation price may beomitted. The reporting manager 114 may also transmit risk managementinformation such as parameters of policies enforced by the executionmanager 113 (e.g., collar parameters, risk alerts). Market participantsystems 100-103 may display received information on their ETS interfaces110. The reporting manager 114 may report the prices of the lowestpriced sell order and highest priced buy order to the NBBO Database 120.The reporting manager 114 may include a web server, or an applicationprogramming interface (API) for communicating through the network 104.

The risk mitigation (RM) manager 115 may determine a measure of riskassociated with quotes received by the order manager 112 from a marketparticipant system 100-103. The determination of risk on a symbol levelcan be based on one or more risk parameters associated with the receivedquote, including, but not limited to, the quantity, size or volume,price, the number of transactions associated with the quote, and theclass or trading symbol or the market participant (e.g., the marketmaker). A measure of risk represents a metric or a quantitative valueassociating risk with a quote and/or an executed or unexecuted trade.The RM manager 115 may then enforce a symbol-level risk mitigationmechanism if the determined measure of risk associated with a particularmarket (e.g., market maker) and class (symbol) exceeds a specifiedthreshold value. Enforcement can include suspending, pulling orcancelling one or more quotes associated with a market participant and aparticular class.

In one embodiment of a symbol-level risk mitigation mechanism, the RMmanager 115 may determine the number of transactions associated with amarket participant (e.g., market maker) and symbol over a rolling timeperiod as a measure of risk. In another embodiment, the RM manager 115may determine the number of contracts (volume) associated with a marketparticipant (e.g., market maker) and symbol over a rolling time period.In yet another embodiment, the RM manager 115 may determine theaggregate of all series percentages associated with a marker participant(e.g., market maker) and symbol during a rolling time period, whereineach series percentage comprises the number of executed contracts in aseries over the total quote size.

Other embodiments include any combination of the described risk measuresand operations performed to determine such risk measures for aparticular symbol. For example, the RM manager 115 may determine thenumber of transactions multiplied by the volume as a risk measure for aparticular market participant (e.g., market maker) and symbol.Generally, risk mitigation may be class (symbol) specific and each RMmanager 115 of a particular matching engine 116 may determine breachesof risk measures for a corresponding symbol, e.g., if the risk measureexceeds a set threshold value, but does not aggregate those breachesamong multiple classes. In another embodiment, the RM manager 115 maydetermine the automatic re-enable commands issued by a marketparticipant (e.g., market maker) and disables any further trades andquotations by the market participant, if the automatic re-enable numberexceeds a specified threshold value. This embodiment puts an effectivelimit on automatic re-enablements by the market participant. Particularembodiments of symbol-level risk mitigation mechanisms are described inmore detail below.

An alternative embodiment of global risk mitigation includes a globalrisk mitigation manager 120 that determines risk measure breachesassociated with a market participant among all matching engines 116. Inthis embodiment, the ETS 105 can mitigate the global risk of a marketparticipant by suspending, pulling and/or cancelling all quotes of amarket participant across all matching engines 116 and all classes, andglobally disabling any further quotations by the market participant. Inone embodiment, global risk mitigation can be combined with limits onautomatic re-enablements by a market participant. Particular embodimentsof global risk mitigation mechanisms are described in more detail below.

Exemplary Computer System

The customer system 100, the agency broker system 101, the market makersystem 102, the PT system 103, and the ETS 105 arc implemented using oneor more computers. FIG. 2 is a high-level block diagram illustrating anexample computer 200. The computer 200 includes at least one processor202 coupled to at least one chipset 204. The chipset 204 includes anoptional memory controller hub 220 and an optional input/output (I/O)controller hub 222. A memory 206 and optional graphics adapter 212 maybe coupled to the memory controller hub 220, and an optional display 218may be coupled to the graphics adapter 212. A storage device 208,keyboard 210, pointing device 214, and network adapter 216 mayoptionally be coupled to the I/O controller hub 222. Other embodimentsof the computer 200 have different architectures.

The storage device 208 may comprise a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium such as a hard drive, compact disk read-only memory(CD-ROM), DVD, or a solid-state memory device. The memory 206 may holdinstructions and data used by the processor 202. The processor 202 mayinclude one or more processors 202 having one or more cores that executeinstructions. The pointing device 214 may comprise a mouse, track ball,or other type of pointing device, and may be used in combination with akeyboard 210 (or other peripheral) to input data into the computer 200.The graphics adapter 212 displays images and other information on thedisplay 218. The network adapter 216 couples the computer 200 to one ormore computer (wireless and/or wireless) networks.

The computer 200 is adapted to execute computer program modules forproviding functionality described herein. As used herein, the term“module” refers to computer program logic used to provide thespecialized functionality. Thus, a module can be implemented inhardware, firmware, and/or software. In one embodiment, program modulessuch as the order manager 112, execution manager 113, and reportingmanager 114 are stored on the storage device 208, loaded into the memory206, and executed by the processor 202.

The types of computers 200 that may be used by the market participantsand the ETS 105 of FIG. 1 can vary depending upon the embodiment and theprocessing power required by the entity. For example, the ETS 105 mightcomprise multiple blade servers working together to provide thefunctionality described herein. The computers 200 may contain duplicatesof some components or may lack some of the components described above(e.g., a keyboard 210, a graphics adapter 212, a pointing device 214,and a display 218). For example, the ETS 105 can run in a singlecomputer 200 or multiple computers 200 communicating with each otherthrough a network such as in a server farm.

Symbol-Level Risk Mitigation-Triggering Events

To mitigate a market participant's risk, a matching engine 116 maymonitor the market participant's transactions in a symbol that itreceives from the market participant and provides risk alerts to themarket participant that are triggered upon occurrence of certain events.A symbol-based trigger event may occur when the number of a designatedrisk parameter associated with that symbol and market participantexceeds (breaches) a threshold value during a fixed time interval calledthe rolling time period, e.g., 100 milliseconds. In one embodiment, thematching engine continuously determines if any symbol-based triggerevents occur for any quotes that it receives. Once risk mitigation istriggered, the matching engine 116 may suspend, pull and/or cancel anyremaining quotes that it receives from the market participant in thatclass. Subsequently, the market participant may send out a re-enablerequest to the matching engine 116 before submitting a new quote for theclass to that engine. In another embodiment, the RM manager 115 of thematching engine 116 may track the number of automatic re-enable requestssent by the market participant to the RM manager 115 during the rollingtime period, e.g., 100 milliseconds instead or in addition to the numberof trigger events. The RM manager 115 may allow for a set number ofautomatic re-enable requests during the rolling time period beforeinitiating risk mitigation, resulting in suspending, pulling and/orcancelling of any received and outstanding quotes of the marketparticipant by the RM manager for the corresponding matching engine.

Various symbol-based triggers can be envisioned that would result incommencing risk mitigation. Triggering events can be based on, but arenot limited to, a number of transactions, transaction volume,transaction percentage or any combination thereof. For transaction-basedtriggers, the RM manager 115 counts the number of transactions by amarket participant, e.g., the number of market participant quotesexecuted over the rolling time period. An exemplary minimum and maximumnumber of transactions can be three or 20 trades per rolling timeperiod, respectively, before commencing risk mitigation. In case ofvolume-based triggers, the RM manager may count the number of a marketparticipant's executed contracts over the rolling time period. Forexample, if this number for a market participant exceeds 20 contracts in100 milliseconds, the RM manager will commence risk mitigation measuresfor this market participant.

When employing a percentage-based risk parameter, the RM manager maycount the number of contracts as a percent of the quote or order overthe rolling time period for each series of an appointed class, in whicha market participant quotes at NBBO, and then aggregates the percentagesamong all the series. For example, if a market participant is quoting atthe NBBO in four series of an appointed class during the rolling timeperiod as shown in Table 1 below, the aggregate executed among allseries during that period equals 100% for 95 contracts. In case of therisk parameter being set at 100%, this would then trigger riskmitigation, resulting in cancellation or suspension of the marketparticipant's remaining quotes in the appointed class that were receivedprior by the corresponding matching engine. In other embodiments, thethreshold value of the risk parameter for initiating risk mitigation canbe set in the range from 100% to 2000% for a rolling time period.

TABLE 1 Number of Executed Series Quote Size Contracts Series PercentageSeries 1 100 40 40% Series 2 50 20 40% Series 3 200 20 10% Series 4 15015 10% Aggregate 500 95 100% 

In one embodiment, market participants may be required, for each classin their appointments, to select at least one symbol-based riskmitigation mechanism based either a transaction-based, volume-based orpercentage-based risk parameter to be applied for a particular classbefore being enabled to quote on the ETS and the corresponding matchingengine. In one embodiment, a market participant may be limited tochoosing one different risk parameter for each appointed class. Forexample, a market participant can choose a volume-based risk parameterfor trading in one symbol, a percentage-based risk parameter for anothersymbol, and a transaction-based risk parameter for yet another symbol.In one embodiment, transaction-based risk parameter may be used as thedefault parameter for quoting and may be set to five (or any desirednumber of) transactions over a 100 milliseconds rolling time period.While market participants may be required to have an RM mechanism inforce before being able to quote, other market participants may have toan option to enable or disable an RM mechanism of their choice.

Global Risk Mitigation

FIG. 3 illustrates a method 300 for calculating and mitigating globalrisk associated with market participant quotes and orders received bythe electronic trading system (ETS), according to one embodiment. In oneembodiment, the functionality described in conjunction with FIG. 3 maybe performed by a global risk mitigation (GRM) manager (e.g., GRMManager 120 of FIG. 1); however, in other embodiments, any suitablecomponent or combination of components may perform the functionalitydescribed in conjunction with FIG. 3. Additionally, in some embodiments,different and/or additional steps than those identified in FIG. 3 may beperformed or the steps identified in FIG. 3 may be performed indifferent orders.

In some embodiments, the GRM manager monitors all matching engines forindividual occurrences of risk mitigation at the symbol level for ordersor quotes by market participants. In one embodiment, the monitoredmarket participants may include market makers. The method 300 of thisexemplary embodiment comprises setting the duration of a rolling timeperiod Y 305. The time as measured by the RM mangers and the GRM managermay be synchronized. In addition, a maximal threshold value N ofindividual symbol-based RM trigger events associated with a particularmarket participant may be set 305. Optionally, this threshold value maybe independent of the risk-parameter type, e.g., volume-based,transaction-based or percentage-based, that triggers the individual RMevent on a particular matching engine.

Subsequently, a start time may be determined 310 when the global riskcounter is set to zero and the market participant is globally enabled totrade in all appointed classes on all matching engines. The end time forreceiving RM trigger events may comprise the start time advanced by therolling time period. The GRM manager may then register any RM triggerevent received 315 from the RM managers at the local matching enginesand associated with the market participant. Upon receiving a RM triggerevent 315, the GRM manager may determine the timestamp 320 included withthe RM trigger event. Multiple RM trigger events can be received from asingle symbol or multiple symbols. If a timestamp falls within the starttime and end time, the GRM manager may increment 325 the global riskcounter by one.

The GRM manager may then determine 330 if the global risk counter for amarket participant exceeds the threshold value N, and if it does, akill-switch (global RM event) may be activated 335 that pulls or cancelsall quotes in all symbols associated with the market participant. Thekill-switch may also globally prevent the market participant fromtrading/quoting in any symbol and on any matching engine. A global RMevent may require the market participant to contact the global tradedesk or other human intervention (or initiate an electronic request) inorder to globally re-enable the market participant to trade and quoteagain on the ETS. Automatic re-enablement, e.g., the market participantrequesting a particular matching engine to re-enable the marketparticipant to trade on this engine, may be barred by globaldisablement. Once globally re-enabled, market participants will be ableto trade/quote on a symbol level via an API, for example. Expiration ofthe rolling time period prior to activation of the kill-switch may resetthe global risk counter to zero, and restart a next rolling time period.

In another embodiment involving orders of market makers, the GRM managermay set a global risk flag and resting quotes of a market maker may beinstantaneously disabled based on a global RM breach. New inbound quotesby the market maker may be instantaneously rejected and disabled quotesmay be pulled from all displayed markets with minimal latency. The GRMmanager may store the session identification (ID) and ID of the RMmanager from which the last quote causing the local RM event originated.The GRM manager may also alert the RM manager with the corresponding IDof the global RM breach and communicate the session ID to the RMmanager. The symbol that instigated the breach may get a symbol-leveland a global RM alert with regard to the session having the session ID.Thus, when there are multiple sessions quoting the same symbol, thealerts may only be sent to the session that submitted the last validquote. In addition, global breach alerts may be sent for all symbolsappointed to a market maker that has been actively quoted on the day ofthe breach.

In an alternative embodiment involving orders of other marketparticipants, e.g., trading permit holders, the GRM manager may set aglobal risk flag and inbound orders may be instantaneously rejected. TheGRM manager may also pull resting orders with potentially some latency,since the GRM manager might not invoke a global disablement for allorders, contrary to the disablement of quotes from market makers.Instead, the GRM manager can cancel any trades from the marketparticipants in the GRM-causing symbol by symbol bulk order cancel,while sending out a risk mitigation confirmation after the last order ina trading unit is pulled. In one embodiment, all symbols that the marketparticipant trades in are subject to GRM, if the market participantselects at least one symbol to participate in GRM regardless ofsymbol-level risk mitigation setting or use by the market participant.If GRM is breached, a symbol-level re-enablement by the marketparticipant may be required for every symbol that has an active local RMsetting. In another embodiment, if no orders have been sent by a marketparticipant in a symbol on current day, then no symbol-levelre-enablement may be required, since the market participant's tradingcapability is re-enabled on a global level.

In one embodiment involving orders of a market participant, e.g.,trading permit holder, the GRM manager may send out a GRM breach alertto all the sessions that submitted orders for the market participant,when a GRM breach occurs involving orders by said market participant. Inone embodiment, the underlying financial instrument, e.g., the stocksymbol, which instigated the breach alert, may receive a stock-levelbreach alert instead of a GRM alert on all sessions through which orderswere submitted. Delivery of GRM and stock-level breach alerts to themarket participant's sessions may occur in the sequence as they havebeen generated by the RM managers of the matching engines for eachunderlying financial instrument. In the case of multiple underlyingfinancial instruments causing breach alerts, this sequence might varyacross the instruments as the alerts originate from different tradingunits. Once a breach alert is generated for a market participant, allorders may be cancelled on all trading units and any messages regardingorder executions that occurred prior to the GRM breach alert andreceived on the trading unit may be delivered to the sessions on whichthe order have been submitted. Once the GRM breach alert is sent by theGRM manager, the sequence of executions and GRM breach may be guaranteedand no further executions may take place. In one embodiment, a GRMrejection message for new orders might be delivered prior to a GRMbreach alert message with GRM alerts only being generated for symbolshaving active orders.

In some embodiments, updates to configurable RM threshold parameters mayreset any RM counters and discard prior trading activity by a marketparticipant for determining GRM and local RM breaches. Similarly, aftera GRM breach, any change between a disabled and enabled trading statusof a market participant may be reset and all RM counters may berestarted, discarding any prior trading activity by a market participantfor determining GRM and local RM breaches. If a market participantreceives permission to trade in a new symbol during the trading daywhile being globally disabled to trade, the new symbol may also bedisabled despite the RM managers on the ETS accepting the permission.The new symbol may be disabled until the global risk flag is reset,e.g., by a trade desk instead of the market participant, thus enablingthe market participant to trade and quote with the appropriatesymbol-level RM settings.

In one embodiment, symbol-level RM is optional when GRM is employed. Inanother embodiment, if trading by the market participant is globallydisabled and subsequently the global risk flag is reset, e.g., by thetrade desk, thereby globally re-enabling trade activity by the marketparticipant, the market participant may still be required to re-enableindividual symbols at the local RM managers prior to sending orders inthose symbols to those RM managers. This provides the marketparticipants with the opportunity to reconsider individual RM settingsprior to trading again on the ETS. Furthermore, the trade desk and/orthe corresponding RM managers may inform the market participant ofsuccessfully re-enabling individual symbols at the local RM level.

In one embodiment, the market participant, including but not limited totrading permit holders and market makers, can select RM risk parametersand RM threshold values that are within a range determined by the ETSand operate on a local and global level. In some embodiments, if duringthe rolling time period (e.g., as defined by the ETS) a marketparticipant experiences a GRM breach, all quotes and orders by themarket participant may be globally pulled and any further trading in allsymbols may be disabled on a global level. In addition, the marketparticipant may also be prevented from automatically re-enabling anysymbols for further trading, requiring external intervention, e.g., bythe trade desk, to re-enable trading in the disabled symbols.

Timestamp Check

In one embodiment, due to a potential race conditions, delays by networkretransmissions, e.g., up to 30 milliseconds, or instant crash andrestarts of the GRM or other ETS managers, resulting in the GRM managerto request a replay of symbol-level RM triggering events, the method 300may enforces time limit, e.g., 30 milliseconds, until when theoccurrence of a symbol-based RM trigger may be reported by the RMmanager of a matching engine to the GRM manager. Only trigger eventsgenerated within that time limit may be logged and considered in thecalculation of the global risk counter by the GRM manager. In order todetermine whether that time limit is exceeded, the GRM manager maycompare the timestamp associated with the received trigger event andwith a current clock time. If the difference between current clock timeand the event's timestamp is larger than the time limit, the event maybe discarded by the GRM manager without increasing the global riskcounter.

Race Conditions

A race condition may comprise a situation when a symbol-based triggerevent occurs at an ETS matching engine before the GRM manager was ableto process all previously received trigger events. In one embodiment, arace condition can occur because the GRM manager is separated from thematching engines' RM managers that separately monitor RM events on theircorresponding matching engines. In particular, symbols are continued tobe traded on some matching engines as execution opportunities occur,while the RM managers of other matching engines are reportingsymbol-level RM breaches to the GRM manager. A potential race conditionmay be described by the following sequence of events.

As described above, the GRM manager may count symbol-level breaches asreported by RM managers of the matching engines, and sum up thosebreaches during a rolling time period. If a global risk counterthreshold is met, the GRM manager may reset the timestamp at each RMmanager and the global risk flag to disable while communicating to theRM managers at the matching engines to disable any further trades/quotesby the market manager. A race condition can occur when a particularmatching engine continues to execute a market participant's trades insymbols since the local symbol-level risk mitigation threshold has notbeen breached despite a global risk mitigation breach. Until the globalbreach is processed by the GRM manager and communicated to each local RMmanager, a particular RM manager may continue to execute the marketparticipant's trades even in the presence of local symbol-level RMbreaches, since the market participant can still automatically re-enablethese local breaches.

On the other hand, some RM manager might be disabled by the number oflocal breaches exceeding a local threshold value, rejecting every newquote by the market participant, before the GRM disablement becomesfully effective with all RM managers. Yet another race condition mayoccur after the GRM disablement became effective and subsequentlytrading for the market participant is enabled, but a local symbol-levelRM breach occurs before the global re-enablement is fully effective.

Thus, in one embodiment, the RM managers may continuously update the GRMmanager about their status prior to reaching local RM breaches and thusminimizing messages regarding symbol-based RM breaches andenable/disable alerts being asynchronous with GRM breaches and globaldisablement messages.

Limits on Automatic Re-Enablement

In one embodiment, an RM manager of a matching engine may invoke anautomatic re-enabling mechanism that limits the number of automaticre-enablement for a symbol that can be request by a market participantbefore triggering a symbol-based RM event. In this embodiment, the RMmanager may initially set the symbol's automatic re-enablement counterassociated with a market participant to zero. Any subsequentre-enablement by market participant in response to a symbol-based RMtrigger event increases the corresponding automatic re-enablementcounter by one. The RM manager may then determine if the counter exceedsa previously specified threshold value, and if so, may disable anyfurther trades by the market participant in the symbol on this matchingengine. In addition, the market participant may then take additionalsteps, e.g., contacting the trade desk, other than just automaticre-enabling to be able to quote and trade again in this class. Anoverall threshold value independent of any rolling time period canprevent a possible runaway condition, which can occur when RM events aretriggered, resulting in automatic re-enablements that do not exceed athreshold value during a particular rolling time period.

Alternative Symbol-Level Risk Mitigation

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary method 400 for calculating andmitigating risk associated with market participant quotes and ordersreceived by the electronic trading system (ETS), according to oneembodiment. In this embodiment, the functionality described inconjunction with FIG. 4 may be performed by the RM manager 115 of FIG.1, for example; however, in other embodiments, any suitable component orcombination of components may perform the functionality described inconjunction with FIG. 4. Additionally, in some embodiments, differentand/or additional steps than those identified in FIG. 4 may be performedor the steps identified in FIG. 4 may be performed in different orders.

In some embodiments, an RM manager may receive a quote 405 associatedwith a trading symbol from a market participant. Alternatively, the RMmanager may receive a non-marketable quote 405 from the order bookassociated with the market participant. Upon receiving the quote 405,the RM manager may initially determine if the quote triggers asingle-trade RM event 410. The single-trade RM trigger parameter can bebased on any of the above described symbol-based RM triggers, e.g.,transaction-based, volume-based or percentage-based risk parameters. Incase the single-trade RM event is triggered by the parameter exceeding asingle-trade RM threshold value, the RM manager 415 may suspend, pulland/or cancel all of the market participant's quotes for the same symbolon the corresponding matching engine. Any subsequently received quotefrom the market participant may then be rejected, unless the marketparticipant re-enables quoting for this symbol with the RM manager usingone of the mechanisms described above.

The RM manager may also determine any secondary RM events 420, if theoriginal quote does not trigger any single-trade RM breach. In thiscase, the RM manager may evaluates all quotes associated with the sametrading symbol and market participant that have been executed during apredetermined time rolling period just prior to the execution oforiginal quote. Starting with most recently executed quote, the RMmanager may determine if a quote triggers a secondary RM event. Thesecondary RM trigger parameter can be based on any of the abovedescribed symbol-based RM triggers, e.g., transaction-based,volume-based or percentage-based risk parameters. In case the secondaryRM event is triggered by the parameter exceeding a secondary RMthreshold value, a secondary RM counter may be incremented by one. Oncethe RM manager 425 determines that the secondary RM counter exceeds apredetermined threshold, the RM manager may initiate any one of theabove described risk mitigation measures, e.g., 430 suspending, pullingand/or cancellation of all quotes associated with the same tradingsymbol and market participant. In case the secondary RM counter does notexceed the threshold after evaluating all quotes executed during theprior rolling time period, the RM may reset the counter without takingany risk mitigation measures and continue by evaluating the nextincoming and executed quote for a single-trade RM breach. In analternative embodiment, the RM manager may be forward looking in timeover a rolling time period instead of evaluating recently executedquotes over the same time period.

For example, an RM manager may obtain an initial market participantquote and determine the risk associated with that quote at time=zero. Ifthe single-trade RM trigger parameter is breached, the RM manager pullsall quotes associated with the market participant. In this example, thesingle trade RM trigger is a percentage-based threshold of 100% setprior the obtaining the initial quote. Since only 25% of the first quoteof 20 contracts of XYZ Jan. 40 puts is filled, falling below the 100%threshold limit, no single-trade RM event is triggered. In addition, theRM manager determines if the quote triggers a secondary RM breach. Inthis example, the secondary RM breach is also determined using thepercentage-based risk parameter of the quote and comparing it to asecond RM threshold of 50%. Initially, the secondary RM counter is setto zero. Again, with only 25% of the XYZ Jan. 40 puts initial quoteexecuted, thus falling below the threshold of 50%, no secondary RMbreach is recorded by the RM manage.

TABLE 2 Time/ Number of milli- Quote Executed Secondary seconds QuoteSize Contracts Percentage RM Counter 0 XYZ January 20 5 25% 0 40 puts−10 XYZ January 20 12 60% 1 40 puts −20 XYZ March 20 20 8 40% 1 calls−30 XYZ May 35 20 14 70% 2 calls −40 XYZ January 20 10 50% 3 50 calls

Accordingly, the RM managers then evaluates all prior received quotesover the rolling time period of 100 milliseconds for a single-trade RMtrigger and secondary RM trigger events. In its example, the RM managerevaluates the most recent quotes before any earlier received quotes. Inthe example shown in Table 2 above, none of the quotes previouslyreceived by the RM manager trigger a single-trade RM event, since allthe quote fall below the 100% threshold by having filled percentages of60%, 40%, 70%, and 50%, respectively. However, quotes at −10, −30 and−40 milliseconds, each involving 20 contracts of XYZ Jan 40 puts, XYZMay 35 calls and XYZ Jan 50 calls, respectively, exceed and/or equal thesecondary RM threshold of 50%, namely 60%, 70% and 50%, respectively.Thus, each of these quotes triggers a secondary RM breach and incrementthe secondary RM counter by one.

Once the secondary RM counter exceeds a secondary RM threshold value,the RM managers initiates risk mitigation by suspending, pulling and/orcancelling quotes associated with the symbol and the market participanton the corresponding matching engine. In this example, a secondary RMthreshold value of two would result in risk mitigation, since the RMmanager advances the secondary RM counter to three when evaluating thequote at the time of −40 milliseconds. As the count is greater than thethreshold value of two, the RM manager may suspend, pull and/or cancelthe quote and quotes associated with the market participant, tradesymbol and financial instrument as determined from attributes of theevaluated quote.

The described embodiments discuss an implementation that determinestrading risk measures by modifying, adding, and/or subtractingparameters from other quantities in the ETS, such that the risk measuremay be used to mitigate risks for market participants trading on theETS. Modifying may include operations such as one or more ofmultiplication, division, percentages, exponentiation, differentiation,integration, or any non-linear functions. Alternate embodiments maymodify these quantities or other risk parameters using random orpseudo-random numbers without departing from the disclosed subjectmatter.

Some portions of above description describe the embodiments in terms ofalgorithms and symbolic representations of operations on information.These algorithmic descriptions and representations may be used by thoseskilled in the data processing arts to convey the substance of theirwork effectively to others skilled in the art. These operations, whiledescribed functionally, computationally, or logically, are understood tobe implemented by computer programs or equivalent electrical circuits,microcode, or the like. Furthermore, it has also proven convenient attimes, to refer to these arrangements of operations as modules, withoutloss of generality. The described operations and their associatedmodules may be embodied in software, firmware, hardware, or anycombinations thereof.

As used herein any reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment”means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristicdescribed in connection with the embodiment is included in at least oneembodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in variousplaces in the specification arc not necessarily all referring to thesame embodiment.

Some embodiments may be described using the expression “coupled” and“connected” along with their derivatives. It should be understood thatthese terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. For example,some embodiments may be described using the term “connected” to indicatethat two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contactwith each other. In another example, some embodiments may be describedusing the term “coupled” to indicate that two or more elements are indirect physical or electrical contact. The term “coupled,” however, mayalso mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with eachother, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other. Theembodiments are not limited in this context.

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,”“including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, areintended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process,method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is notnecessarily limited to only those elements but may include otherelements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method,article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary,“or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example,a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true(or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or notpresent) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (orpresent).

In addition, use of the “a” or “an” are employed to describe elementsand components of the embodiments herein. This is done merely forconvenience and to give a general sense of the embodiments. Thisdescription should be read to include one or at least one and thesingular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meantotherwise.

Additional alternative structural and functional designs may beimplemented for a system and a process for mitigating risk of a marketparticipant on an electronic trading system. Thus, while particularembodiments and applications have been illustrated and described, it isto be understood that the disclosed embodiments are not limited to theprecise construction and components disclosed herein. Variousmodifications, changes and variations may be made in the arrangement,operation and details of the method and apparatus disclosed hereinwithout departing from the spirit and scope defined in the appendedclaims.

1. A system comprising: a non-transitory memory storingcomputer-readable instructions; and one or more processors executing thecomputer-readable instructions for: receiving one or more electronicmessages associated with a user having a status that is active, eachelectronic message indicating a breach of a predetermined threshold;determining whether the breach of the predetermined threshold, indicatedin the one or more electronic messages, occurred within a rolling timeperiod; determining that a total number of breaches exceeds apredetermined maximum; deactivating the status of the user; cancellingexecution of any pending electronic transactions associated with theuser; rejecting additional electronic transactions from the user; andre-activating the status of the user in response to a risk-reset event,thereby permitting acceptance of additional electronic transactions fromthe user.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more electronicmessages are received by the one or more processors from one or morematching engines.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the user comprisesat least one of an agency broker, a market maker, and a proprietarytrader.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the rolling time periodincludes 100 milliseconds.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the one ormore processors are further configured to increment a breach count byone each time the breach occurs to determine the total number ofbreaches.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the one or more processorsare further configured to activate a counter when a first breach,indicated among the one or more electronic messages, occurs within therolling time period.
 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the one or moreprocessors are further configured to increment the breach count bydetermining whether a timestamp associated with an electronictransaction references a time period within the rolling time period. 8.The system of claim 1, wherein the risk-reset event is one or more of aglobal risk flag reset, an automatic re-activation request, or a lapseof a predetermined period of time.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein theone or more processors are further configured to track a number ofautomatic re-activation requests.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein theone or more processors are further configured to: receive an electronicreactivate request from the user; and reactivate the status of the user.11. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors arefurther configured to: generate an alert of the deactivation; andtransmit the alert to the user.